So water molecules link to each other, positives to negative surfaces, to make up the clear and seemingly continuous fluid we drink, swim in, and hold up umbrellas to keep off of us when it rains. Calcium atoms are positive and become surrounded by a shell of water molecules facing it with their bare negative surfaces. Oxalic and phosphoric acids have negative charges and are surrounded by water molecules pointing their positive or hydrogen sides to them.
Uric acid at neutral pH has its one negatively charged nitrogen water can grasp. But when pH falls, and neither nitrogen has any extra charge for water to bind with, how can the molecule remain among the water molecules? The molecules stack into solid crystals and fall from solution. Sometimes uric acid crystals pass in urine as a red orange gravel. Uric acid does not have to connect itself to some other atom or molecule to make a crystal, in the way that calcium must bond with oxalate or phosphate ions to make calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate crystals.
If retained, such crystals can grow rapidly into large stones. Urine pH controls stone formation But because the whole process depends almost completely on the acidity of the urine, uric acid stones are very easy to treat. Just a modest amount of supplemental alkali will make the urine of almost any patient alkaline enough that the hydrogen atoms are removed from the one crucial charged nitrogen.
Water can bond there so uric acid remains in solution. Because so simple, treatment prevents stones with certainty. Relapse need never occur. Mixed stones require special care Unfortunately, however, stones commonly contain uric acid mixed with calcium oxalate. Calcium phosphate crystals mix with uric acid only rarely, because it takes a rather alkaline urine to remove the hydrogen atoms from phosphate so it has two negative charges and can bind efficiently with calcium atoms.
At that higher pH, uric acid will have its charge site and remain in solution. Struvite stones Urea and the planet Kidneys cannot make struvite. Not all bacteria, either. It takes bacteria that normally thrive in the soil, and they do it for ancient and compelling reasons. Plants cannot use it. Like oxygen, nitrogen is an essential for life yet dangerous. As these molecules are broken down and remade, some of their nitrogen slips by and can form poisonous compounds unless caught up in safe waste products.
Uric acid contains 4 nitrogen atoms look back at the picture of it. They cannot release the nitrogens from the carbon atom that holds them. Struvite crystals As they release nitrogen from its carbon in urea, the nitrogen takes up a proton making ammonia NH3.
Ammonia is a powerful alkali and takes up another proton. Soil magnesium an atom with two positive charges and phosphate sans all of its protons an ion with three negative charges spontaneously form their triple salt: You might wonder how soil bacteria get into the urinary system. Because we eat them, with foods that are not cooked, and they become part of the intestinal bacterial population from an early age.
In us and around us, they find a way into the urinary system, especially in women whose shorter urethra makes entry easier. What they do Because they live among molds and fungi, soil bacteria easily mount resistances to antibiotics, so antibiotics given for a urinary tract infection will tend to kill sensitive bacteria and select out those that can resist them. Soil bacteria can produce struvite stones de novo, or infect calcium stones to produce a mixed stone.
Either way, struvite stones are infected by their very nature. They can become huge. Their bacteria can injure the kidneys, even enter the bloodstream and cause sepsis. Treatment is a mix of thoughtful surgery and selection of antibiotics after such surgery to kill bacteria that remain.
Cystine stones Inherited kidney abnormality Lemon yellow with a sugary coating these form only in people who have an inherited kidney disorder called cystinuria.
Although the kidneys function well, they permit abnormal amounts of four amino acids to enter the urine. Three do not matter that we know of.
The fourth makes crystals and the cystine kidney stone type. One carbon atom has 2 oxygens bonded to it; the other has one nitrogen which makes it an amino — nitrogen containing — acid , a hydrogen atom, and a sulfur atom. As for phosphate, the dashed and solid arrows simply mean the hydrogens and sulfurs lie above and below the plane of the page and a stick model would have a three dimensional shape. Cystine Crystals Cysteine itself is very soluble because the sulfur atom has an appreciable negative charge.
But the big, long cystine molecule has very little charge because the sulfurs bind to each other. So, like uric acid, cystine loses intimacy with water molecules and simply leaves the solution as crystals.
Also like uric acid, the process is fast. Cystine stones Because people with cystinuria lose large amounts of cystine in their urine stones readily grow large, and fast. But cystine crystals can plug the ends of kidney tubules, as calcium phosphate crystals do, causing cell damage. Since cystinuria is an inherited disease, stones may begin in childhood.
Effective treatment always requires very large amounts of fluids to dilute the urine. The few effective drugs resemble cysteine. But their side effects can limit use. Very rare disorders of metabolism can produce molecules which crystallize in the urine, for example dihydroxyadenine. The common animals and the rarer animals have gone by, and you have glimpsed the main ones, big and small. The one point is what it was at the beginning.
Each kind of kidney stone has its own ways, and treatment requires we know which one you have. Likewise, for whatever that one may be, it is good to know as much about it as you can know. We know the struggle, which is why we're uniquely qualified to help. Your call is confidential, and there's no pressure to commit to treatment until you're ready. As a voluntary facility, we're here to help you heal -- on your terms.
Speak with an Intake Coordination Specialist now. Heroin is a dangerous opioid, and it leads to wide-ranging medical effects including everything from constipation to lung problems. If someone were to overdose on heroin, this could lead to rhabdomyolysis, which is a condition in which muscle and tissue begin breaking down and then proteins are released into the blood. When this happens, there is the potential for obstruction and damage to the kidneys.
Essentially what happens with rhabdomyolysis, is a breakdown of tissue during an overdose-related coma because the person has been not moving for an extended period. The muscles start to disintegrate, and that produces chemicals which then go into the bloodstream and set off other damaging reactions throughout the organs. This is one of the number one reasons for kidney failure.
During this situation, heart damage and heart attack can also occur. This is a buildup of protein in organs and tissues that can lead to kidney failure. The Effects of Painkillers on Your Kidneys Also relevant to the conversation of whether opiates are bad for your kidneys is the combination of many opioid painkillers with something called acetaminophen. The long-term use of acetaminophen, particularly when paired with prescription painkillers, can include something called analgesic nephropathy which can progress to renal failure, as well as chronic kidney failure.
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