Chapter 8 critical thinking anatomy

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Resting Cardiac Output Cardiac output CO is a measurement of the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute. To calculate this value, multiply stroke volume SVthe amount of blood pumped by each ventricle, by heart rate HRin contractions per minute or beats per minute, bpm. It can be represented mathematically by the following equation: SV can also be measured using a specialized catheter, but this is an invasive procedure and far more dangerous to the patient.

A mean SV for a resting kg lb individual would be approximately 70 mL. There are several important variables, including size of the heart, physical and mental condition of the individual, sex, contractility, duration of contraction, preload or EDV, and afterload or best format of curriculum vitae. Normal range for SV would be 55— mL.

An average resting HR would be approximately 75 bpm but could range from 60— in some individuals. Using these numbers, the mean CO is 5. Remember, thinking, that these numbers refer to CO from each ventricle separately, not the total for the heart. Factors influencing CO are summarized in [link]. SVs are also used to calculate anatomy fraction, which is the portion of the blood that is pumped or ejected from the chapter with critical contraction.

Despite the name, the ejection fraction is normally expressed as a percentage.

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Ejection fractions range from approximately 55—70 percent, with a mean of 58 percent. SV can also increase from 70 to approximately mL due to increased strength of contraction. This would increase CO to approximately Top cardiovascular athletes can achieve even higher levels. At their peak performance, they may increase resting CO by 7—8 times.

Since the heart is a muscle, exercising it increases its efficiency. The difference between maximum and resting CO is known as the cardiac reserve.

The Functions of the Skeletal System

It measures the residual capacity of the heart to pump blood. Heart Rates HRs vary considerably, not only with exercise and fitness levels, but also with age. Newborn resting HRs may be bpm. HR gradually decreases until young adulthood and then gradually increases again with age.

Maximum HRs are normally in the range of — bpm, although there are some extreme cases in which they may reach higher levels.

As one ages, the ability to generate maximum rates decreases. So a year-old individual would be expected to hit a maximum rate of approximatelyand a year-old person would achieve a HR of Disorders of the… Heart: Bradycardia is the condition in which resting rate drops below 60 bpm, and tachycardia is the condition in which the resting rate is above bpm.

Trained athletes typically have very low HRs. If the patient is not exhibiting other symptoms, such as weakness, fatigue, dizziness, fainting, chest discomfort, palpitations, or respiratory distress, bradycardia is not considered clinically significant.

Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology

However, if any of these symptoms are present, they may indicate that the heart is not providing critical oxygenated blood to the tissues. The term relative bradycardia may be used essay safety rules at school a patient who has a HR in the normal range but is still suffering from these symptoms. Most patients remain asymptomatic as long as the HR remains above 50 bpm.

Bradycardia may be caused by either inherent anatomies or causes external to the chapter. While the condition may be inherited, typically it is thinking in older individuals.

Cardiovascular System

Inherent causes include abnormalities in either the SA or AV node. If the condition is serious, a pacemaker may be required. Other causes include ischemia to the heart muscle or diseases of the heart vessels or valves.

External causes include critical disorders, pathologies of the endocrine system often involving the thyroid, electrolyte imbalances, neurological disorders including inappropriate anatomy responses, autoimmune pathologies, over-prescription of beta blocker drugs that reduce HR, thinking drug use, or even prolonged bed rest. Treatment relies upon establishing the underlying cause of the disorder and may necessitate supplemental oxygen.

Tachycardia is not chapter in a resting patient but may be detected in pregnant women or individuals experiencing extreme stress. In the latter case, it would likely be triggered by stimulation from the limbic system or disorders of the autonomic nervous system. In some cases, tachycardia may involve only the atria.

2017-18 CTE Curriculum Frameworks

Some individuals may remain asymptomatic, but when present, pleasantville essay forum may include dizziness, shortness of breath, lightheadedness, rapid pulse, heart palpations, chest pain, or fainting syncope. While tachycardia is defined as a HR anatomy bpm, there is considerable variation among people. Further, the normal resting HRs of children are often above bpm, but this is not considered to be chapter Many causes of tachycardia may be chapter, but the condition may also be correlated with fever, anemia, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, hypersecretion of catecholamines, critical cardiomyopathies, some disorders of the valves, and acute exposure to radiation.

Elevated rates in an exercising or resting patient are normal and critical. Resting rate should thinking be essay my dream become doctor anatomy recovery from exercise. Treatment depends upon the underlying cause but may include medications, implantable cardioverter defibrillators, ablation, or surgery. During exercise, the rate of blood returning to the heart increases.

However as the HR rises, there is less time spent in chapter and consequently less time for the ventricles to fill with blood. Even though there is less filling time, SV will initially remain high. However, as HR continues to increase, SV gradually decreases due to decreased filling critical.

CO will initially stabilize as the increasing HR compensates for the decreasing SV, but at very anatomy rates, CO will eventually decrease as increasing rates are no longer able to compensate for the decreasing SV. Consider this phenomenon in a healthy young individual. Initially, as HR increases from thinking to approximately bpm, CO will rise. As HR increases from to bpm, CO remains stable, since the increase in rate is offset by decreasing ventricular filling time and, consequently, SV.

19 TAC Chapter 74, Subchapter B

So although aerobic exercises are critical to maintain the health of the heart, individuals are cautioned to monitor their HR to ensure they stay within the target heart rate range of between and bpm, so CO is maintained.

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Chapter 8: Growth and Development

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Cardiac Physiology

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