Euphoric, energetic, able to work, concentrate, stay awake. Anxiety, paranoia, psychosis, high blood pressure, heart attack, stroke, brain damage when used excessively ADHD, narcolepsy, obesity, rarely depression MDMA ecstasy , MDA, MDEA Like above, but releases a lot more 5-HT Euphoric, energetic, deep and unusual thoughts, perceived inspiration and novelty, enhances sex, dancing, music, art, touch and senses.
Connection to other people, strong emotions. Same as amphetamine, plus brain damage, confusion, agitation, frequently death due to hyperthermia, heart attack, water intoxication, and other problems. None Inhibits 5-HT, NE, and DA reuptake, blocks voltage-gated sodium channels Same as amphetamine above Same as amphetamine, plus a worse risk of heart attack Local anesthesia and bleeding control, diagnostic tests Narcotics Full opioid agonists Morphine, heroin diacetylmorphine , hydrocodone Vicodin , oxycodone Percocet, Oxycontin , fentanyl, Demerol, codeine, opium, hydromorphone Dilaudid , oxymorphone Opana , methadone Activate all opioid receptors completely.
Pain relief, not quite as euphoric or relaxing as full agonists above Nausea, constipation, vomiting, drowsiness Pain relief, rarely depression, opioid addiction Cannabis Active ingredient is mostly tetrahydrocannabinol, some other active ingredients like cannabidiol in smaller quantities Agonist at cannabinoid receptors Unusual thoughts and feelings, sometimes calm, happy, hungry, enhanced appreciation of art Memory, thinking, reflexes, and coordination are impaired.
May contribute to psychosis in the long term. Might relieve nausea, vomiting, and neuropathic pain. Many of these methods are primarily used with OxyContin in order to defeat the time-release mechanism of the drug, causing the active ingredient to take effect almost immediately after ingestion. When using OxyContin this way, the risk of an overdose increases dramatically since the drug is not intended to be used in this manner.
Some users also mix the drug with alcohol to achieve an even greater high, 15 even though it can be a fatal combination. Pharmacology The chemical structure of oxycodone is similar to another pain reliever - codeine - and is almost as potent as morphine in its ability to produce opiate-like effects.
Oxycodone works on the body through the central nervous system by altering the user's sense of pain and his or her emotional response to pain. Illicit users ingest the drug for a number of reasons. Back to Top Effects When using oxycodone products, including OxyContin, under the care of a physician most users will experience mild side effects. Once back inside the neuron, they are available for re-release in future neurotransmission episodes.
In most cases, when an addictive drug enters the brain, it causes neurotransmission to increase or decrease dramatically beyond these limits. The Basic Research Questions Neuroscientists seeking to understand why people use drugs and the consequences of drug use focus on two issues: Which neurotransmitter or neurotransmitters does the drug affect?
How does the drug alter neurotransmission? Each individual neuron manufactures one or more neurotransmitters: Some drugs primarily affect one neurotransmitter or class of neurotransmitters. For example, prescription opioids and heroin produce effects that are similar to but more pronounced than those produced by the neurotransmitters endorphin and enkephalin: Other drugs disrupt more than one type of neurotransmitter. Cocaine, for example, attaches to structures that regulate dopamine, leading to increases in dopamine activity and producing euphoria; it also produces changes in norepinephrine and glutamate systems that cause stimulant effects.
Because a neurotransmitter can stimulate or inhibit neurons that produce different neurotransmitters, a drug that disrupts one neurotransmitter can have secondary impacts on others.
A key effect that all drugs that cause dependence and addiction appear to have in common—a dramatic increase in dopamine signaling in a brain area called the nucleus accumbens NAc , leading to euphoria and a desire to repeat the experience—is in many cases an indirect one. How Does the Drug Alter Neurotransmission? As described above, neurotransmission is a cyclic process that transpires in several steps utilizing specialized components of the sending and receiving neurons.
Some drugs mimic neurotransmitters. Since heroin stimulates many more receptors more strongly than the natural opioids, the result is a massive amplification of opioid receptor activity. Marijuana mimics cannabinoid neurotransmitters, the most important of which is anandamide. Nicotine attaches to receptors for acetylcholine, the neurotransmitter for the cholinergic system.
Other drugs alter neurotransmission by interacting with molecular components of the sending and receiving process other than receptors. Cocaine, for example, attaches to the dopamine transporter, the molecular conduit that draws free-floating dopamine out of the synapse and back into the sending neuron.
As long as cocaine occupies the transporter, dopamine cannot re-enter the neuron. Finally, some drugs alter neurotransmission by means other than increasing or decreasing the quantity of receptors stimulated. These alterations underlie drug tolerance where higher doses of the drug are needed to produce the same effect , withdrawal, addiction, and other persistent consequences.
Some longer-term changes begin as adjustments to compensate for drug-induced increases in neurotransmitter signaling intensity.
For example, the brain responds to repeated drug-induced massive dopamine surges in part by reducing its complement of dopamine receptors. Similarly, methadone and some other opioids induce neurons to retract a portion of their mu opioid receptors, making them unavailable for further stimulation. The retraction is short-lived, after which the receptors return to the neuron surface, restoring normal responsiveness to subsequent stimulation. This dynamic of reducing and then restoring receptor availability may thwart the development of tolerance to these drugs.
The drug-related mechanisms producing cumulative changes in neurotransmission sometimes are epigenetic in nature.
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